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[ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«] [2015] [ij³ª´Ù] °èÀýÀ» ¾Õ¼­ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2015-09-16 Á¶È¸¼ö 938
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[ij³ª´Ù] °èÀýÀ» ¾Õ¼­ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
 
ij³ª´Ù Åä·ÐÅä ½ºÄ«À̺¸·Î ´ëÇÐ(UTSC; University of Toronto Scarborough) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¸î ´Þ Àü ¶Ç´Â °èÀýÀ» ¾Õ¼­ »çÀü¿¡ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿(tornado activity)À» ¿¹º¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¸ðµ¨À» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¸ðµ¨Àº Àϱ⠿¹º¸¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð ´ë±â º¯¼ö¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ´ë±Ô¸ð ´ë±â º¯¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ƯÁ¤ ³¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, »õ·Î¿î ¸ðµ¨Àº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ±â°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ´ë±â Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ¿ùº° ¹× °èÀýº° Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿¿¡¼­ º¯È­¸¦ Á¶¸íÇÑ´Ù.

Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¸î ´Þ Àü ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °èÀýÀ» ¾Õ¼­ ¿¹ÃøµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ±î? ij³ª´Ù ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ °³¹ßÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¸ðµ¨ ´öºÐ¿¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´É·ÂÀº °ð ½ÇÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Åä³×À̵µ(tornado)´Â »ó´çÇÑ Æı«¿Í ½Ã¼³ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ Çö»ó Áß Çϳª¸¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿ÀÇ ½Ã°øÀû ÆÐÅÏ(spatiotemporal patterns)À» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ º£À̽º ¸ðÇüÈ­ Á¢±Ù(Bayesian modelling approach)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

UTSC »ýÅ ¸ðµ¨¸µ ¿¬±¸½Ç ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ °úÁ¤ÀÎ Vincent ChengÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ±â°£¿¡ Æò±Õ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿ ÀÌ»ó ¶Ç´Â ÀÌÇÏ ¼öÁØÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ ÇØ ¶Ç´Â À̾îÁö´Â ÇØ¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥¶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

UTSC ±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸½Ç ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Bill Gough ±³¼ö, George Arhonditsis ±³¼ö ¹× Cheng µîÀÌ °³¹ßÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¸ðµ¨Àº Àϱ⠿¹º¸¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ´ë±Ô¸ð ´ë±â º¯¼ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ³¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â µ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ±â°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ´ë±â Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ¿ùº° ¹× °èÀýº° Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿¿¡¼­ º¯È­¸¦ Á¶¸íÇÑ´Ù.

ChengÀº ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ³ú¿ì°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ´ë±â Áß¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Á¶°ÇÀÌ Åä³×À̵µ°¡ »ý¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§Çè¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÑ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ º¯¼ö¿¡´Â ´ë±âÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º(instability of the atmosphere), ´Ù¸¥ ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ dz¼Ó°ú dzÇâ¿¡¼­ÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¼öÁ÷dz ½Ã¾î(vertical windshear) µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. °ø±â°¡ Áö»ó À§ ´Ù¸¥ ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ dz¼Ó°ú dzÇâÀÇ Å« º¯È­¿Í ÇÔ²² ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô »ó½ÂÇÒ ¶§ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Åä³×À̵µÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Å©±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯¼ö´Â Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

¶Ç ChengÀÇ ¸ðµ¨Àº Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ Á¤È®ÇÑ ±â·ÏÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â Á¡À» °í·ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Åä³×À̵µÀÇ º¸°í´Â ¸ñ°ÝÀÚÀÇ °üÃø(eyewitness observations)¿¡¸¸ ÁÖ·Î ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲÀº º¸´Ù ´õ Àα¸¹Ðµµ°¡ ÁýÁßµÈ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀÌ ´õ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµ¨Àº ´ë±â º¯¼ö¿Í ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Åä³×À̵µ ¹ß»ý »çÀÌÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» °Ç³Ê¶Ù°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. °á°ú´Â ij³ª´Ù¿¡¼­ ½ÇÁ¦ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿Ö °ú¼ÓÆò°¡µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ÇظíÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¿¬°£ ij³ª´Ù¿¡¼­ º¸°íµÈ Åä³×À̵µ´Â ¾à 60°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °üÃøÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±× ¼öÄ¡´Â 150°Ç¿¡ À̸¥´Ù°í ChengÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©(monitoring network)°¡ °®Ãß¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº Áö¿ª¿¡ ¸ðµ¨À» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¶§, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ºÏºÎ ´ëÃÊ¿øÁö´ë(Northern Great Plains)¿Í ij³ª´Ù ´ëÃÊ¿ø(Canadian Prairies) »çÀÌ¿¡ °¡Àå Å« Â÷À̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ChengÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¶Ç ChengÀº ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À ÁÖ ¼­ºÏºÎ¿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ ÀÚ·á °ÝÂ÷°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´õ ¸¹Àº ÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À ÁÖ ÇØ´ç Áö¿ª¿¡ ÁýÁßµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ °³¹ßÇÑ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù·é ¿¬±¸ ³í¹®Àº Nature Communications¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

Åä³×À̵µ°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ´ÂÁö¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆí, Åä³×À̵µ´Â Áö»ó À§ ³ú¿ì¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ´Â Á¼°í, °Ý·ÄÇÏ°Ô È¸ÀüÇÏ´Â °ø±âÀÇ Ã¤³ÎÀ» »ý¼º½ÃŲ´Ù. Åä³×À̵µ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ ±â»ó Çö»ó Áß Çϳª·Î ½É°¢ÇÑ ÇÇÇØ ¶Ç´Â Á×À½À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »ó´çÇÑ Æı«¿Í ¼Õ»óÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ij³ª´Ù´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ÀÌ¾î ´Ù¼öÀÇ Åä³×À̵µ¸¦ °æÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Åä³×À̵µÀÇ 1/2 ÀÌ»óÀº ´ëÃÊ¿ø°ú ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À ÁÖ ºÏºÎ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°í, 1/3Àº ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À ÁÖ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ºÐ¼®Àº ¿©¸§Ã¶ µ¿¾È ij³ª´Ù ´ëÃÊ¿ø°ú ºÏºÎ ´ëÆò¿ø Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Åä³×À̵µ°¡ »ó´çÈ÷ Áõ°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀº ¹Ì±¹°ú ij³ª´Ù·ÎºÎÅÍ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿¿¡¼­ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ º¯ÃµÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ¿ùÆò±Õ ´ë±â º¯¼ö¿Í Åä³×À̵µÀÇ °¡´É¼º »çÀÌÀÇ ¿¬°ü°ü°è°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ °èÀý¼º(seasonality)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æ¯¼ºÈ­µÆ´Ù. ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ´ë·ù À§Ä¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â ¿©¸§Ã¶¿¡ ¿ì¼¼ÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¼öÁ÷dz ½Ã¾î(vertical wind shear, ¹Ù¶÷ ÁøÇà ¹æÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼öÁ÷ ¶Ç´Â ¼öÆò ¹æÇâÀÇ Ç³¼Ó º¯È­)´Â °Ü¿ïö¿¡ ÁÖ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ¸·Î, ¿©¸§Ã¶¿¡´Â 2Â÷ÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. Æødz¿ì¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ Àִ ȯ°æ Ç︮½ÃƼ(environmental helicity, ¼Ò¸³ÀÚÀÇ ¿îµ¿ ¹æÇâÀÇ ½ºÇÉ ¼ººÐÀÇ °ª)°¡ º½Ã¶¿¡ °¡Àå Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â È®·üÀûÀÎ Áöµµ ÀÛ¼º(probabilistic mapping)Àº ÀÏ ³â Áß ¼±ÅÃµÈ ½Ã°£ ³»¿¡ ºÏ¹ÌÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ Åä³×À̵µ ¹ß»ý °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀ» À̲ø¾î³»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¸ðµ¨À» ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â ¸ñÇ¥´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø Áö¿ª ¹× ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã°£¿¡ Æò±ÕÀûÀÎ Åä³×À̵µ È°µ¿ ÀÌ»ó ¶Ç´Â ÀÌÇÏ°¡ µÉÁö ¿©ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ChengÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ Á¤º¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª Åä³×À̵µ¿¡ °ßµð´Â °Ç¹°ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø Áö¿ª¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϰųª Àç³­ °èȹÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
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Predicting tornadoes months or even seasons in advance

What if tornado activity could be forecasted months, even seasons in advance? Thanks to a new model developed at the University of Toronto Scarborough, that ability could soon become a reality.

"The aim is to predict ahead to the following year or subsequent years about whether we'll get above or below average tornado activity in a given area," says Vincent Cheng, a postdoctoral fellow in UTSC's Ecological Modelling Lab.

The model, developed by Cheng, Professor George Arhonditsis and Professor Bill Gough in UTSC's Climate Lab along with colleagues at Environment Canada, uses large-scale atmospheric variables like those used by weather forecasters. But instead of looking to predict a tornado on any specific day, it looks at variations in monthly and seasonal tornado activity relative to changes in atmospheric conditions over the same period.

Cheng says the model predicts how different conditions in the atmosphere during a thunderstorm will affect the risk of there being a tornado. The key variables the model relies on includes the instability of the atmosphere and vertical windshear, which is the change in wind speed and wind direction at different heights. These variables are important since there's a much higher risk of a tornado taking place when air is able to rise quickly coupled with a big change in wind speed and direction at different heights above the ground.

Cheng's model also takes into account the lack of accurate records in tracking tornadoes. Tornado reports rely solely on eyewitness observations, which means they're better monitored in more populated areas. The model bypasses that by showing the strong relationship between atmospheric variables and actual tornado occurrences. The result sheds light on why actual tornado activity in Canada is vastly underestimated.

"From observations there are only about 60 reported tornadoes in Canada per year, but that number is more like 150," says Cheng. "When we apply the model to areas where the monitoring network is lacking we find the greatest difference is in the Northern Great Plains and the Canadian Prairies."

Cheng says there is also a significant data gap in northwestern Ontario and that more attention should be paid to that part of the province. The model is explained in a research paper that was published in the journal Nature Communications.

While much remains unknown about how tornadoes actually form, when one does it produces a narrow, violently rotating channel of air that runs from the base of a thunderstorm to the ground. They are one of nature's most hazardous weather events, capable of causing significant destruction and devastation including severe injuries or death.

Canada is second only to the United States in the number of tornadoes experienced, with more than half of them taking place in the Prairies and Northern Ontario and a third in Southern Ontario.

The goal, says Cheng, is to be able to predict whether there will be above or below average tornado activity in a given area over a given time. This information can play an important role in disaster planning or determining how tornado-resistant buildings need to be in a given area.
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