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[¹Ì±¹] ¼­¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ½Ã°ñ ½Ä¼ö °ø±Þ¿ø¿¡¼­ ³³ ´Ù·® ¹ß°ß
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¸®Áî ´ëÇб³(the University of Leeds), ³ë½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ´ëÇб³ äÇÃÈú(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)°ú º¸½ºÅÏ ´ëÇб³(Boston University)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °¡³ª, ¸»¸®, ´ÏÁ¦¸£ÀÇ 61°³ Áö¿ª ±Þ¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Æó±â¹°À» ºÐ¼®Çß´Ù.


ºÐ¼® °á°ú¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ½ÃÇè ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ 80%´Â ±¹Á¦ ÁöħÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â ³³À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ ÇÇÆÃ(fitting)À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ºÎ½ÄµÇ¸é ³³ÀÌ ¹°·Î ¹æÃâµÈ´Ù.


¸®Áî ´ëÇб³, ³ë½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ´ëÇб³ äÇÃÈú°ú º¸½ºÅÏ ´ëÇб³ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÌ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â 61°³ÀÇ ¹° ºÐ¹è ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú 200°³ÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº °ø°ø ¼öµµ²ÀÁö¿Í ÇÚµåÆßÇÁ(handpump)¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÇ »ùÇÃÀ» äÃëÇß´Ù.


¹° »ùÇÃÀÇ 60%¿¡´Â ³³ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç 9%´Â ¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO ; World Health Organisation) ÁöħÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØÀ̾ú´Ù.


¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ³³ ¿À¿°ÀÌ ¹° ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ³³ ÇÔÀ¯ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú »ó´çÈ÷ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.


¡á ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾ÈÀü ¼öÁØ(No-known safe level)
³³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ³ëÃâ ¼öÁØÀº ¾ø´Ù. ü³»¿¡ ÃàÀûµÇ¾î Ç÷¾×-³ú À庮À» ³Ñ°í ÀÎÁö ¹× ½Å°æÇÐÀû ¹ß´Þ¿¡ µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ Àڱà ³» ¾î¸°ÀÌ¿Í ¾Æ±â¿¡°Ô ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.


¹è°ü ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ³³ ¿À¿°Àº ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù. ºÎ½Ä Á¦¾î¸¦ ±¸ÇöÇÏ°í ³³ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¶Ç´Â ³·Àº ³³ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© µµ½Ã Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Á¦¾îµÇ¸ç, Å×½ºÆ® ¹× ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ, °Ç¹° ÄÚµå ¹× ±ÔÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ½ÃÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


Áõ°Å¿¡ µû¸£¸é °í¼Òµæ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â °³ÀÎ ¿ì¹°°ú ¼ÒÇü ÆÄÀÌÇÁ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹°¿¡ ³³ÀÌ ¿À¿°µÇ¾î ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Àú¼Òµæ ¹× Áß°£ ¼Òµæ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±×¸²Àº Àß ¿¬±¸µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¹®Á¦´Â ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¼Ò±Ô¸ð Áö¿ª »çȸ ¹° °ø±Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ¸¹±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °øÁß º¸°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀáÀçÀû ¿µÇâÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Å©´Ù.


»þ¶õ(Sharan) À̳² ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­¸¸ 1¾ï8õ400¸¸ ¸íÀÌ ÇÚµåÆßÇÁ°¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÃß°ø(borehole)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í 1¾ï1õ200¸¸ ¸íÀÌ ³óÃÌ °ü·Î ¹°ÀÚ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Ãß»êµÈ´Ù.


¡á 'È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¹¹æÀÇ ±âȸ(Opportunity for effective prevention)'
À̹ø ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁöµµÇÑ ¸®Áî´ëÇб³ Åä¸ñ°øÇаú Á¦ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ÙÆ®¶÷(Jamie Bartram) °ø°øº¸°Çȯ°æÇÐ ±³¼ö´Â ±× Áõ°Å°¡ Á¶Á¤µÇ°í ½Ã±ÞÇÑ °³¼± Á¶Ä¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


Á¦ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ÙÆ®¶÷(Jamie Bartram) ±³¼ö´Â "¿ì¸®´Â Àü¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¹¹æ°ú °³¼±µÈ ±Þ¼ö °üÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¶Ä¡°¡ ´Ê¾îÁ®¼­ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù. ºÎÇ°À» ³³À¸·Î ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀº ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


Á¦ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ÙÆ®¶÷(Jamie Bartram) ±³¼ö´Â À̾î "ÀÎÁõµÈ ¾ÈÀü ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇØ ¿À¿°¹°ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í´Â ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î, Áö¿¬Àº Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ Áúº´ ºÎ´ãÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ°í, Àα¸ º¸È£ÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ëÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°¸ç, ¹Ì·¡ ¼¼´ëÀÇ ±³Á¤Á¶Ä¡ ºÎ´ãÀ» ÃàÀûÇÑ´Ù"°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


¼­¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« 3°³±¹ÀÇ ½Ä¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÆÄ»ýµÈ ³³ ¹× ±âŸ µ¶¼º ±Ý¼ÓÀÇ ¹ß»ý ¿¬±¸´Â ¡ºÈ¯°æ°Ç°­ °üÁ¡Àú³Î¡»(the journal Environmental Health Perspectives)¿¡ °ÔÀçµÇ¾ú´Ù.


±¹Á¦¹ý·üÀ§¿øȸ(the International Code Council)ÀÇ ±¹Á¦¹è°ü±ÔÁ¤(IPC ; The International Plumbing Code)Àº Áß·®¿¡ µû¶ó ¹è°ü ºÎÇ°ÀÇ ³³ÀÌ 0.25%¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ±ÇÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÌ ½ÃÇèÇÑ 130°³ ¹è°ü ºÎÇ° Áß 82%´Â IPC(±¹Á¦¹è°ü±ÔÁ¤)°¡ ±ÇÀåÇÏ´Â ÃÖ´ëÄ¡¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ³³À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ò¼è ºÎÇ°ÀÌ °¡Àå ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù.


¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹° ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Ȳµ¿À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ½Ä¼ö Ç¥º»¿¡¼­ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â ³³ ³óµµ¸¦ 3.8¹è Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


½Ä¼ö°¡ ¿À¿°µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ¹° ¼ÓÀÇ ³³ÀÇ Æò±Õ°ªÀº ¾à 8¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î±×·¥(§¶)À̾ú´Ù. 1¸®ÅÍ(L)ÀÇ ¹°Àº ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¹é¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù.


°³º°°ªÀÎ 95% ½Å·ÚÇÑ°è´Â 0.5§¶/LºÎÅÍ 15§¶/L±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇß´Ù. ¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO) Áöħ°ªÀº 10§¶/LÀÌ´Ù.


äÇÃÈú ³ë½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ´ëÇÐ(the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)ÀÇ ¹° ¿¬±¸¼Ò Á¶±³¼öÀÎ ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÇǼÅ(Michael Fisher) ¹Ú»ç°¡ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁÖµµÇß´Ù. ±×´Â "À̹ø ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½ÇÇè ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ³³ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸ç ¿ì·ÁµÇ´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ À½¿ë¼ö·Î µé¾î°¡´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ÇǼÅ(Michael Fisher) ¹Ú»ç´Â ƯÈ÷, "ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°á°ú´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À¿°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÙÀ̰ųª ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ÈÄȸ ¾ø´Â ¿©·¯ ±âȸ¸¦ ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. ºü¸¥ ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ·Á¸é ¿©·¯ ÀÌÇØ °ü°èÀÚµé °£ÀÇ Çù·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù"¶ó°í °­Á¶Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ÇǼÅ(Michael Fisher) ¹Ú»ç´Â À̾î "ÆäÀÎÆ®¿Í °¡¼Ö¸°°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ò½º·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ³³ ³ëÃâÀº ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú°í ³³Àº ÀÏÄ¡µÇ°í Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÅëÇØ ½Ä¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


¡á Á¶Á¤µÈ Á¶Ä¡ÀÇ Çʿ伺(Need for coordinated action)
°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Á¦Á¶¾÷üµéÀÌ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¸í½ÃÀûÀÎ ¶óº§¸µ°ú Àü¹® ³×Æ®¿öÅ© Âü¿©¸¦ ÅëÇØ ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ ºÎÇ°ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Áß´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


±×µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡ ¾´´Ù. "ÀÌ ¿À¿°Àº IPC Äڵ带 ÁؼöÇÏ´Â ±¸¼ºÇ° ¹× Àç·áÀÇ ÀÏ°üµÈ »ç¿ë°ú °°Àº ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¹æ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ ½±°Ô ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±ÔÁ¤ Áؼö °ËÁõ¿¡ µû¸¥ °ø±Þ¸Á °³¼±Àº À½¿ë¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ³³ Ȳµ¿ ºÎÇ°°ú °°Àº ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ ºÎÇ°ÀÇ °¡¿ë¼º°ú »ç¿ëÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ´Â °ËÁõ °èȹÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¹«¿¬°í ¹° ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò ¹× ±× ±¸Çö°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ±ÔÁ¤À» °³¹ßÇϰųª ¾÷µ¥ÀÌÆ®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."


¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¼öÀÔ¾÷ÀÚ¿Í µµ¸Å¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ÀûÇÕ¼º°ú ±Ô°ÝÀÌ ´«¿¡ ¶ç°í ´«¿¡ Àß ¶çµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Àü¹® Çùȸ´Â ȸ¿ø ÀÚ°Ý Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Áö½ÄÀ» º¸±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÌÇØ¿Í ¼±ÇàÀ» Àå·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸î¸î Á¤ºÎµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


À¯¿£Àº Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥(Sustainable Development Goal)ÀÎ 'SDG 6'À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í Àú·ÅÇÑ ½Ä¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ºó°ïÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÏ´Â NGOÀÎ ¿ùµåºñÀü(World Vision)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Áö¿ø¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

 


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Lead found in rural drinking water supplies in West Africa

 


The researchers analysed scrapings from 61 community water-supply systems in Ghana, Mali, and Niger. Eighty percent of the tested systems had at least one fitting that contained lead in excess of international guidelines. Lead is released into the water when the component corrodes. 


The study, by a research team from the University of Leeds, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Boston University, also took samples of the water from those 61 water distribution systems, and from a further 200 public taps and handpumps. 


Sixty percent of the water samples contained lead - nine percent were at a level that exceeded World Health Organisation guidelines.  


The researchers found that lead contamination was significantly associated with the use of lead-containing components in the water systems.


No-known safe level
There is no-known safe level of exposure to lead. It accumulates in the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier and can cause irreversible damage to cognitive and neurological development, particularly in children and babies in the womb.


Lead contamination in plumbing systems has been a recognised problem for decades. It has has been controlled in urban areas served by large piped water systems by implementing corrosion control and using lead-free or low-lead components, enforced through testing and monitoring, building codes and regulations.


The researchers analysed scrapings from 61 community water-supply systems in Ghana, Mali, and Niger. Eighty percent of the tested systems had at least one fitting that contained lead in excess of international guidelines
Evidence shows there is still a problem in higher-income countries with lead contamination in water from private wells and small, piped systems.


The picture in low and middle-income countries has been less well studied, although the problem is believed to be widespread - and the potential implications for public health are much greater because of the number of people who rely on small community water-supply systems.


In Sub-Sharan Africa alone, it is estimated that 184 million people use boreholes with handpumps to access water and 112 million people use rural piped supplies.


¡®Opportunity for effective prevention¡¯
Jamie Bartram, Professor of Public Health and Environment in the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Leeds, who supervised the latest research, said the evidence demonstrated the need for coordinated and urgent remedial action.


¡°We have an opportunity for effective prevention and improved water supply practice world-wide. The required actions are overdue and unquestionably beneficial. The cost of ensuring that components are lead-safe is negligible,¡± he said.


¡°Using certified-safe components has multiple benefits, minimizing the risk to other hazardous contaminants. In contrast, delay carries further disease burden, increases the ultimate cost of protecting populations, and accumulates remediation burdens for future generations.¡±


The study, Occurrence of Lead and other Toxic Metals Derived from Drinking-Water Systems in three West African Countries, is published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.


There is no-known safe level of exposure to lead
The International Plumbing Code (IPC), from the International Code Council, recommends that lead in a plumbing component should not exceed 0.25 per cent, based on weight.


Of the 130 plumbing components tested by the research team, 82 percent had a lead level that exceeded the IPC recommended maximum. Brass components were the most problematic.


The researchers say the use of brass in a water system increased the expected lead concentrations in drinking-water samples by a factor of 3.8.


Where drinking water was contaminated, the mean value of lead in the water was approximately 8 micrograms in a litre of water - where a microgram is one-millionth of a gram.


The individual values, the 95 percent confidence limit, ranged from 0.5 micrograms/litre of water to 15 micrograms/litre of water. The World Health Organisation guideline value is 10 micrograms/litre of water. 


Dr Michael Fisher, Assistant Professor at the Water Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, led the study. He said: ¡°It is clear is that lead is present in most tested systems in this study and finds its way into drinking water at levels of concern.


¡°These findings suggest several affordable, feasible, no-regrets opportunities to reduce or prevent this contamination from occurring. Collaboration among multiple stakeholders will be required to achieve rapid success.


Dr Michael Fisher, Assistant Professor at the Water Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, led the study. He said: ¡°It is clear is that lead is present in most tested systems in this study and finds its way into drinking water at levels of concern.


¡°These findings suggest several affordable, feasible, no-regrets opportunities to reduce or prevent this contamination from occurring. Collaboration among multiple stakeholders will be required to achieve rapid success.


¡°Lead exposure from other sources like paint and petrol has been successfully phased out and lead can be successfully eliminated from drinking water systems through concerted and collaborative responses.¡±


Need for coordinated action
The scientists say manufacturers could discourage the use of unsuitable components, for example through explicit labelling and engagement in professional networks. 


They write in the paper: ¡°This contamination may be readily addressed through cost-effective preventive action, such as consistent use of components and materials compliant with IPC codes. Supply chain improvements with verification of compliance would reduce the availability and use of unsuitable components, such as leaded brass parts, in drinking-water systems.


¡°Governments may develop or update regulations related to lead-free water system components and their implementation, including verification schemes.¡± 


The research team say importers and wholesalers should ensure that product suitability and specifications are conspicuous and intelligible. Professional associations should disseminate knowledge and foster understanding and good practices throughout their memberships.  Several governments are already taking action.


The United Nations has a Sustainable Development Goal - SDG 6 ? which states that everybody should have access to safe and affordable drinking water.


The research was funded by World Vision, an NGO that works to reduce poverty affecting children.


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